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. S. H. ROUART. Apparatus for Effecting Interchange of Temperatures gj'kuid's.' L9' Pafpmd Feb. 1.7, 1.5.

o. 224,611. L91.' @f

'LPETERS PHOTO-LITHOGRAFHE. WASHINGTON, Dv (24 4 sheetssnm 2.

ROUA-RT. Apparatus for Effeeting Interchange of Temperatures Y of P111ds. I No. 224,611. Patented Feb. 17,1880. Zzg-- Q/ miba mm A QQQMMM/M N-PETERS, PHOTO-L1T1'1QGRNMEH.` WASHINGTON D C 4 Sheets- Sheet 3.

'8. H. ROUARI. Apparatus for Effecting Interchange of Temperatures ed Feb.17,1s`so.

I rzvenln- .lm/M www' mw N. PETERS. PHOTULITHOGRAFHER. WASHINGTO 4 Sheets-Sheet 4.

S. H. ROUART.

Apparatus for EffeotngV Interchange of Temperatures of Fluids.A

No. 224,611. Patented Feb. 17', 1880.

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UNITED STATES APATENT OFFICE.

STANISLAS H. ROUART, OF PARIS, FRANCE.`

APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING` INTERCHANGE QFTEMPERATURES F nulos.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters `Patent No. 224,611, dated February 177, 1880 Appnaionnieanecemter17,1879.

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, S'rANisLAs HENRI ROU- ART, of theirm of Mignon 8u Rouart, engineers, ofParis, in the Republic of France, have invented Improvements in Apparatus for Effecting Interchange of Temperatures in Fluids, of which the following is a specification.

The general object of this invention is toirn- 'part the heat of one iiuid to another ina bet- 'ter or more expeditious mannerlthan it has been heretofore eected.

In the industrial arts, in the large `majority of cases, the transfer of heat is `caused to take place between fluids either between two liquids, or a liquid and a gas or vapor, or between twoA gases or vapors. All these iiuids are, however, had conductors, and generally in constructin g apparatus for this purpose sufficient account is not taken of this lack of conduetivity. lt is well known that the temperature of liuids is most easily altered when in very thin films; but heretofore great practical olostacles have been encountered in the employment of` thin layers, because the apparatus devised for the purpose in which such condition has been obtained are found to become readily obstructed, and it is almost impossible l to take them apart and inspect or clean them.

of another" liquid or gas of higher or lower` temperature, as required, or for converting a liquid into a gas or y condensing a gas `into a liquid. lt is applicable to various arts and industrial purposes, among which may be mentioned furnaces for heating air, steam-heaters for houses, steam-generators, condensers operating by water or air for stationar 1, locomo-` tive, and marine engines, heaters for water and otherliquids, coolers for beer and other liquids,`condensers andliquefactors of ice-machines, stills and condensers therefor, besides bination with other devices of one or more such A elements in apparatus for various useful purposes.

The same letters indicatelike parts where they occur on all the iigures.

Two tubes, a a', of metal, of slightly different diameters and of a suitable size and thickness, are placed concentrically one inside the other, so as to leave a small space between the interior surface of one and the exterior of the other. This annular spaceis as smallasis practically possible. The two tubes are connected and held in theirrelative positions by a grooved or U-shaped collar or head at each end. The joints are formed by plane surfaces. The several parts may thus be readily taken apart for cleaning or other purposes, and screw-threaded or swaged joints, stuffing-boxes, or similar devices heretofore used are dispensed with. In Fig. 1 such means areclearly shown. A grooved sectional collar, b, fits over conical anges at the upper part, and at the lower part a U- shaped or grooved collar or head, c, is held by screw-clainps against the ends of the-tubes.

- One of the fluids suited to the special application passes through the annular space which is left between the two tubes, and the other circulates over the exterior and interior of the concentric tubes, so that all the surface is utilized for the interchange of temperatures. Whatever may be the iluid which is circulated in the annular space, it should, in general,

be delivered at a number of points on the pe-` riphery of the interior tube, although in some i cases delivery at a single point will answer. This delivery device is indicated by L In Figi it is shown inavery simple forin,being rooM composed of four tubes, which pass through four holes in-a plate which is attached over the mouth of a larger tube, as shown in Fig. 2. The device is, however, varied fOr. (litter-L ent purpcses. 'At the opposite end of theconcentric tubes is placed the outlet e, connect ing with the annular space between them.

In order to obtain a very large heating or cooling surface, as thek case may be, a number of elements such as iirst described may be combined by connecting their several inlets and outlets by collectors j', Fig. 2, or by connecting them in series end for end, so that the fluid traverses them all successively', in the one case the quantity of the iuid whose teniperature is modified being increased, and in, the second the degree or amount of changeiii the temperature.

A"Ehe generalv principle of the new apparatus having been explained, the application of the same to various machines will be readily understood. A number of theseapplicat'ions", showing a variety of types, are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, andv will now beA described.

For the purpose of clearer presentation the apparatus are dividedi-nto three classes, an interchange ot` temperature or transfer of heat being'eiioected in the iirst between two liquids, in the second between a liquid and a gas or vapor, and in the third between two gases or vapors.

I. In the iirst class there are two distinct typesto wit, (1,) in whichboth liquids-are under pressure, andv (2) in which one only'is under pressure.

(1.). As an example of the former type may be taken the exchanger or condenser which isy employed in ice-machines, operating by means of an ammoniacal solution. An "apparatus,

of this kind is shown in Fig. 3. The tubes,l

a, a should be capable of withstanding they pressure to which they are to be subjected. The annular 'space is closed at the top and bottom, as shown, and the cylinders are plungedy into avessel, g, containing a medium which is itselfl under pressure. The tube d, through which the hot liquid is introduced'. into 'thevannular space, passes through a 'stufng-box.` At thelower end ot' the apparatus theoutlet e is arranged. The otherliquid entersv the` apparatus at 7L. It escapes by the outlet z', being heated in its passage through the apparatus. The sides of the vessel g are held 'to the base by a sectional collar. The liquid which enters by the tube It is divided and passes over the cylinders c a', which constitute what'is called4 the capillary cluster.7 The efticiency of this apparatus has, from numerous experiments, been demonstrated; It :is constructed for use with ammonia, of iron parts, without any soldering or brazing with other metals, so that it is thus rendered' very solid.

(2,.) As anexample ot. the second type,y an exchanger or 'cooler for breweries may be taken.l The capillary cluster is constructed as shownI in Fi g. 1. The beerto be cooled passes through forrns the back of" the fire.

'ervoir g.

the annular space between the concentric tubes, and, the-water which is employed to carry oft' its 'heat passesover their surfaces. It it is desired to economize in the amount of water used, the size or diameter of the vessel in which it circulates should be diminished, as shown in Fig. 4, The exchange of temperatures is veryperfect, and the water for cooling escapes very hot, so that consequently aless quantity is, required.

II. As examples of the second class of exchangers, in which a transfer of heat is effected betweena gas or vapor and a liquid, steam- ,boilersheated by a re or by gas, surface-conthe watei` when vthe latter is not overcharged with calcareous salts is avoided,l Theconstruction ot'l a boiler Vof this class is shown in Fig. 5. The capillary cluster a a is placed in an inclined position under the body of the boiler or'reservoir a for the steam and water.

It isfconnectedpat the lower end withthe res-` ervoir at the bottoni, and at its highest partit is'connected therewith at a point just below the level'of the water. The Ljoint c?, which unites the partsof the Vcapillary cluster,con nect's'the cluster also with av plate, b3, which Inside the cluster is'located an iron tube, c', closed at the end,

" whiclit'ube, by reason of its central positiom forces the gases to come in contact with the' interior walls of the tube a. ofthe cluster. The products of combustion pass through the tube t, an`d then lreturn onthe outside of they tube a, under thc reservoir z, to the uptake, as .shownl by the arrows.

(2.) It"l it -is desired to heat the boiler by illuminating or other combustible gas, the dis,-

positon shown in Fig. 6 is adopted. The gasv is brought by a central tube, c?, perforatedat suitable intervals.` The water is fed, to v-the annular space inthe cluster from a reservoir, b4, towhichA itis supplied by the bottle or res- The steam iscollected in av reservoir, d2," w hile the burned gasis carried oft" by the chimney f. There is no loss ot' steam, and consequently none of the water in the boiler,y so that the size of the cylindrical body may be reduced to a minimum. Such, a dispost tion ofjthe boiler as described has the advan.

ltages of 'being fired, so to speak, instantaneouslfy, of being entirely safe, of permitting` `the heatl to be"increased or decreased by a simple turningof a stop-cock, whichcan be effected4 at any desired'point in the house,

and, iinally, of allowing, by simple means, the l regulation ot'L the pressure within, a certain maximum ,limityby controllingthe iow otfgafs.l- (3.) Steam-.condensers operating by means'lof IOO rio

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' waterforland or marine engines can be made inthe simplest mannerby the adof the tubular or capillary cluster. By causing the steam' to iiow'into the annular space, Fig. l, it co"n Under ordinary steam has been than is commonly obtained. ,This power of condensation gives great advantages, particularly in marine engines, where space is necessarily limited, and, in connection with the facilityof taking apart, cleaning, and putting together of `the apparatus,-it is obvious that this system will renderlarge services to navigation. The annular spaces are, however, as in other surface-condensers, liable to have theirefciency impaired by oily matters deposited from the steam.

The remedy for this inconvenience is very simple, and is as follows: If the condensingsurface .required is that of six` similar ele- 4 ments, seven oreight`are used, so that one or` two may' be isolated from the others by means of stop-cocks, `as ,shown in Fig. 2, and cousequently while the apparatus is in `full opera-` tion any one of these-elements can be isolated The condensation in the annuwhich isapt, by reason of the narrowness of the spacein which condensation to cause the water to` remain in suspension and prevent further condensation. To overcome this difficulty a water-reservoir with constant level (see Fig. 7) is interposed between the feed-pum p y and the condenser, and

into this reservoir thc condensed water is therein jby a small jet of steam.

drawn. lf necessarv, avacuum can be made As another example under this second class the heat-ing ofliquids byl steam Vmay be taken. rlhc coilscom monl y used in steam-heaters are replaced by the capillarycluster, and the following disposition is or maybe adopted: The capillary clustera c', Fig. 8, is placed in the centerV of a heater or boiler, A, at the lower part thereof, but at some distance from the bottom, so as to be immersed in the liquid B contained` in the boiler A. Steam enters by the pipe d and escapes by the pipe c. `A very efcient, compact, and easily-iliade' apparatus is thus produced.

lll. As examples ofthe third class, in which exchange of temperatures is effected between two gases or vapors, apparatus for heatingair by `steam or gas, steam-condensers operating by air, and hot-air furnaces used in metallurgy or other arts may be taken.

, `(l.) ln order to heat air by steam, the coils or systems of pipes heretofore used arc replaced by thecapillary cluster, so that thereby economical stoves or heaters of great efficiency can be constructed. Fig. 9 represents, in vertical section, a stove or heateii'of this description. The steam is introduced bythe pipe d ducts of combustion pass over takes place,

.into the annular space between the tubes cc',

From experiments made with an apparatus 1 as last described, ten kilograms of steam per hour have been condensed per square met-er of the condensing-surface by the passing air. Theoretically, therefore, about eight hundred cubic meters of air can be heated from 50 centigrade to 200 centigrade per square meter i of condenser per` hour.

(.)l In orderto heat air directly by tllie` combustion of gases, the capillary cluster is com bined in an apparatus, as shown `in Fig. l0. The air to be heated passes through the annular space between the tubes c c', and the gas is supplied to the burner d1". The prot'he surface of the capillary cluster, against which they are directed by the cylinders b'0 and c1", and escape by openings` or pipes gw, which carry.`

them to a suitable chimney. i

It is obvious that the separating-cylinders blo cw could be made hollow and serve as the conduits or rcccl'itacles for the gas. A number of `holes or burners would in that case be placed on their surface, so as to take the place ot' the .burner d'0.

ltwill be understood that the rapidity of the circulation of the air through the annular space of the capillary cluster is to be regulated in accordance with the heating effect of the burning gas, and if necessary recourse is had to a `Ventilator or other air forcing' or circulating apparatus. i

(3.) Theapplication ofthe capillary cluster to steain-coudensers operating by air is very important- It will therefore be spoken of more in detail. It has already been stated that in a general way, by means of the capillary cluster, about ten kilograms per hour and per square meterof surface could be condensed by a current of` air at ordinary temperatures. rlhe condensation by air will therefore be about ten times less activefor the same surface as the condensation by water. The condensing-surface` `in this cluster being tive times more vactive than the` ordinary condensing-surfaces in use,

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itfollows that, with surfaces double those n'ow used `for condensers operatin g by. water, steam condensers operating by air can be constructed. ln alarge number of cases, therefore, this class of apparatus can be advantageously employedfor example, Ain locomotive-engines, assuming that a locomotive `consumes per hour two thousand .kilograms of steam, to condense these twothousand kilogramsthere must be about t-wo hundred square meters of surface. If a capillary cluster of about six#` teen centimeters in mean diameter be taken, it will furnish a square meter of active surface per meter in length, so that two hundred meters will be necessary. Allowing five meters for each cluster, forty elements will be necessary, and these can readily be placed on thetender in the manner substantially as represented in Fig. 11. rlhe capillary clusters are placed in position inclined to the horizon, or even vertically. rlhe steam enters the annular spaces at the upper part, and the condensed water passes off at the bottom. It may be returned to the boiler by the means already indicated for condensers operating by water, and which therefore need not be aga-in described.

It is obvious that the activity, so to say, of the condensing surface will depend on the speed of the train, so that the air being drawn through the capillary clusters will produce therein a very-rapid change of temperature. From these condensers the locomotive-boilers can be fedwith chemically-pure water, and the small additional quantity necessary to supply thelosses from the cylinder-cocks, whistle, safety-valve, and from the use of steam for creating the blast can be supplied by water distilled or of sufficient purity from reservoirs located at suitable points on the line. In consequence of this purity of the water, locomotive-boilers with capillary clusters analogous to those already` described, and as represented in Fig. 12, may be employed.

B12 is the cylinrhrical body of the boiler, which serves as a reservoir for the water and steam; O12, the grate, D12 the fire-box, and F12 the smoke-Staciev Under the body Bl2 a series of clusters, a a a., are arranged in an inclined position, as shown, and connected with the body B12 by the pipes el and The advantages ofthe foregoing system are the disi'iensing with the largest part of the feeding of water at stations, great improvement in the efficiency of the vaporizing-surfaces, ready inspection and cleaning of these surfaces, an almost indefinite increase in the travel of trains without stoppage, and considerable economy in coal by the transformation of high-pressure into low-pressure engines.

lt is obvious that the condensers may be applied as well to stationary as to movable engines with advantages analogous to those described for locomotives.

(4.) The hot-air furnaces for metallurgic purposes heretofore used have been of considerable proportions, and consequently very costly. Their size is due to the difficulty of effecting interchange of heat between the iluids air and gasboth bad conductors. The size of apparatus of this description, and therefore the price also, is considerably reduced by the adoption of the capillary clusters, which are given the dimensions ascertained by practice. To this end a series of capillary clusters are placed in a chamber located at the bottom of achimney. The hot gases from a blast-furnace are admitted into the lower part of this chamber, and escape by the chimney after passing over all the capillary clusters, in which the air to be heated is circulated by means of a blower or other forcing apparatus. The cold air enters the annular spaces in the clusters from a collector at the top, and it escapes in a heated condition by a collector at the bottom, to be delivered at the blast or other furnace. This disposition is represented in Fig. 13, a a a a being the capillary clusters; d, the inlet-pipes into the annular spaces, and the outlet-pipes; j', the collectors; B13, the exchanging or air-heating chamber; G13, the conduit for admitting the hot gases; D13, the chimney, and g13 the pipe for conveying the hot air to the blast-furnace, which pipe should be as short as possible.

If desired, centrally-arranged tubes or deiiectors, as shown in Figs. 5, 6, 9, and 10, could be used inthe clusters shown in this figure, or in others wherein it is not so represented.

In order to secure the grooved collars or heads to the concentric tubes in the apparatus shown in Figs. 5, 8, 9, 10, ll, 12, and 13, the clamps shown in Fig. 1 .applied to the head c could obviously be employed; but other efficient means could be used instead.

Having thus fully described my said invention and the manner in which the same is or may be carried into effect, what I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

1. A capillary cluster consisting of two concentric tubes of slightly unequal diameter, combined with a U-shaped or grooved collar or head at each end, as set forth, for holding the tubes in their proper positions relatively to each other, and for closing the annular space between said tubes, while permitting 'passage through the interior of the inner tube, thereby rendering the parts of said cluster readily detachable for cleaning or other purposes, and dispensing with screws, stuffingboxes, swaged joints, and similar devices heretofore employed, substantially as described.

2. One or more capillary clusters having the joints formed by plane surfaces and adapted to be readily takenl apart and cleaned, each cluster being com posed oftwo concentric tubes and a collar or head at either end, closing, as described, the annular space between said tubes, in combination with means, substantially as set forth, for circulating or permitting a circulation of one fluid through the annular space or spaces and another over the surfaces of the cluster or clusters, whereby the said clusters are specially adapted to the uses indicated.

ln testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

STANISLAS HENRI ROUABT.

Witnesses:

AALFRED OoINY, BoB'r. M. HooPER.

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